A Mesophilic Origin of Life Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

A Mesophilic Origin of Life Nearly all scientists agree that life on Earth began billions of years ago. Most will also agree that RNA appeared first and found a way to replicate itself, an essential step in the early stages of life. Without this ability of RNA, only short pieces of DNA could be copied and no enzymes could be created to copy longer strands which would be necessary for the formation of enzymes[1]. Beyond that, there is very little agreement about the origin of life, including what the original ancestor of all life was like. This has led to a significant amount of debating with very few answers. Scientists are still debating how life originated: was it a series of successive steps or a spontaneous gathering of the necessary materials? The problem with the second theory is that the odds of this happening are about the same as a tornado assembling a 747 aircraft in a junkyard.[2] As of now, we still have to ponder whether the ancestor of all life, or LUCA, was a single being or a community of organisms sharing genes. Another question entails whether the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) dwelled in a hot-water environment or a cooler place, possibly near the surface of the ocean. The experts are split almost evenly on this question and both sides present convincing evidence for their side of the argument, but we will focus primarily on the side that believes that LUCA was not thermophilic, and, in fact, lived in a cooler surrounding. This cooler surrounding would have likely been near the surface of the ocean rather than in the vicinity of a thermal vent near the ocean’s floor. The other side argues that Earth was warmer 3.5 billion years ago, when life is believed to have been spawned. This, c... ...more evidence, especially in RNA sequences, until an answer can be established. 1] Smith, Szathmary 1999 [2] DeDuve, 1991 [3] Whitfield, 2004 [4] Levy, Miller, 1998 [5] Vogel, 1999 [6] Brochier, Phillippe, 2002 Works Cited Brochier, C., and H. Philippe. 2002. A non-hyperthermophilic ancestor for Bacteria. Nature 417:244. DeDuve, Christian. 1991. Blueprint for a Cell: The Nature and Origin of Life 100-105. Levy, M., and S.L. Miller. 1999. The prebiotic synthesis of modified purines and their potential role the RNA world. Journal of Molecular Evolution 48:631-637. Smith, John Maynard., and Szathmary, Eros. 1999. The Origins of Life: From Birth to the Origins of Language 1-14. Vogel, G. 1999. RNA study suggests cool cradle of life. Science 283: 155-156. Whitfield, J. 2004. Born in a watery commune. Nature 427:674-676.

Qualities of my grandfather Essay

Introduction: My grandfather, Osman Dedic, was born on November 26, 1929 in a small village in Bosnia called Gorne Dubrave. During this time, Bonsia was an undeveloped nation affiliated with Yugoslavia. The village my grandfather lived in was an immense distance away from several major cities and airports. The town did not have a sewage system, and the cement streets were unfinished. Most houses in the village did not have electricity and phone lines. The village also lacked streetlights and a water supply system. Moreover, the villagers were forced to obtain water from a nearby river and pump out the water from an aquifer using a well. The town contained few stores, transportation facilities, and educational institutions. Most stores would sell need-based goods such as clothes, food, and labor equipment. In the village, government control and influence affected many town people. The government controls the production of crops and the amount of farmland given to the villagers. Unfortunately, the villagers would sell most of their crops for a low price to the government. Villagers did not even have passports and wouldn’t receive the documents because the government wouldn’t allow people to emigrate. Without a passport, one could not get a visa for another country and without visa; one could not find a job. This governmental system forced many people to settle in the same village their entire life. Nevertheless, my grandfather had different opinions. â€Å"I always had my own thoughts and rules on how life should be. For this reason, I encountered many difficulties in my life.† As a young child, my grandfather loved to pursue law and justice. He did not follow the role of an influential leader, but rather treated everyone with respect and equality. When my grandfather was eight years old, he would play with his friends in the playground. One day, however, a child from the neighboring area decided to come over to the playground and take advantage of the other children. My grandfather immediately seized action and resolved the problem by telling the foreign child to play fair and respect everyone. Several years later, my grandfathers choose to serve and protect. In his eighteenth year, my grandfather decided to join the military army. As a military soldier, he had the duty of war . One day at military camp, he was ordered to dig holes by seniority soldiers. He refused the job and wouldn’t allow his pride fade away his few of the seniority soldiers told him to before him wanted to take over the youngest once, as they called them, by making them obey. They had very high expectations, that where not possible to accomplish. They asked my father to dig out a hole that would be two by two meters and two more meters deep. He had to be done by the end of the night. He started digging till he became very tired and could not even move. They warned him once to start digging again but he refused. One of them came closer and punched him right in face. My father got very angry. He raised the digger and broke it on his shoulder. He kept on hitting him until all the rest of the group gathered up and put my father in circle. They started hitting him all together. My father, full of blood running from almost every part of his body, barely broke the chain of their bodies and run into the forest where they lost his site. In the general of the army, while calling the names of the soldiers, noticed that Ruben Aslanian was missing. At that time my father was at a corner spying on them. The general asked where he is. Someone from the two-year-served group stretched the truth and when explaining what had happened. The general said that everyone of the two-year-served group would go to prison if they will not find Ruben Aslanian by the end of this day. When my father decided to appear they were all in panic. The general asked where he was. My father, realizing that the future of all those soldiers was in his hands, said that he fall through a crag and lost his consciousness. After that situation he never had a problem in the army again, for the rest of his serving period. When my father came out of the army, he went to the military school. He was working as a police man while studying to become an interrogator. He was always very just, no matter what the status of the prisoner was. Once he found the nephew of a Georgian minister, with two Moldavians, guilty about a drug deal. He wrote a conviction for all three of them, while they warned him to leave the nephew of the minister out of the deal. After that they let the nephew leave illegally and were searching for a way to put my father in the prison. My father understood that they had launch a was against him and  it was time for him to resign. One year latter, the real war began. During 1995, after the disintegrate of the Soviet Union, Abkhazians asked for their independence for the Georgians. Georgians did not like agree and they tried conquer Abkhazians. All the prisoners were freed and walking on streets armed. They purpose of that was to have a bigger army but criminals never change. Their goal was to revenge the people that put them in the prison and ruined their lives. Unfortunately, one of those people was my own father. Like a picture in my mind, I still remember the criminal with a mask holding a gun against my father’s head. I remember my father begging them to not do anything in front of his children and my mother trying to pull us away so we would not be witnesses of the murder of out own father. Fortunately, they did not kill my father. I do not now the reason. I still think that it was the God’s will, because otherwise I just can not explain it. The next day, I found myself in a plain flying out of my motherland to be safe. â€Å"I always remember my house, my garden, my neighbors, and every single city of Abkhazia, where I spent a long time of my life. I want to admit that I live much wealthier life now in America, than back in Abkhazia. The point of our life is not about been rich; the point if this life is, in my opinion, is to wake up in the morning and be able to see beloved relatives and friends. This is not only my misfortune; this is the disaster of every human been that, in his or her middle ages, looses his or her surroundings of a life time.†

Republic Day Speech

Respected Correspondent, Principal, teachers, parents, and dear brothers and sisters of my country, I would like to wish you all Happy Republic Day 2014. It has been my Privilege that I got an opportunity to speak in front of you all on this occasion. It has been 64 years from the day our constitution came into effect. In these 64 years our country has gone through a long journey of changes. I am going through some light on the history of our country. Before 1600 AD we were living a peaceful life, although there were some disputes between some states but it was not bothering normal citizens at all. But when in 1600, East India company came into India, things started changing. Slowly they started taking their grips to the steering of our country and till 1800 we were completely in control of British Government. In 1857 some real patriots stood up for the country and started a revolution against the British Raj. After a very long time and different-different revolution at several place s, finally we became free on 15th August, 1947. Then some rules and regulations were required to drive the country. So a committee was organized, which was given the work of writing the constitution for India.After the constitution was ready it came into effect from 26th January 1950, since then every year we remind that auspicious day and celebrate it as our Republic day. This day is called, because India became a republic country from this day. When we became republic country, things started changing. The command of country was in the people of the country. Elections were started and people selected their representatives. For sure we have done a lot of improvements after becoming republic but many problems like corruption and unemployment has grown up rapidly. So we need to find the solution for these problems, only then our country can become the best place on earth to live.Jai Hind, Jai Bharat!!

The Word “Ghetto”

A word’s meaning can usually be traced back for hundreds of years. Over such long periods of time, words become manipulated, many times to the point where the meaning changes entirely. This is the case with the word â€Å"ghetto. † The word ghetto can be traced all the way back into the 1500’s. This word has infiltrated itself into today’s society and culture seamlessly. However the current definition of the word is far from what the original definition was. Perhaps due to the connection that the word ghetto has with urban culture, the word has evolved over time to have a more positive, less intolerant meaning.The word ghetto, which would come to be used throughout Europe to describe communities of isolated minority groups, originated in Venice in the 1500’s. According to the Oxford English Dictionary a ghetto was â€Å"The quarter in a city, chiefly in Italy, to which the Jews were restricted† (OED). In 16th century Italy, Pope Paul IV estab lished ghettos in Venice as a place of confinement for Jews. His main goal was to gain maximum economic advantage from the Jews’ presence while ensuring minimal social contact with Jewish people.In 1516, seven hundred Jews were forced to move to one small part of Venice, then an abandoned site of a 14th-century foundry that produced cannons. This area known as the â€Å"Geto† was an old Venetian dialect for â€Å"foundry† from the Italian verb gettare which means to pour or to cast, while the island across from it on which waste products had been dumped became known as â€Å"Il terrneo del Ghetto. † The word ghetto in its new usage did not remain long confined to the city of Venice. Generalization of the term helped the word to include all enclosed quarters of Jews in Europe.By the Pope’s edict, Jews remained enclosed in ghettos for two centuries until 1797, when Napoleon and the French army invaded Italy. At that time the ghettos were disbanded an d the Jewish people who lived in them were allowed to go wherever they pleased (holocaustresearchproject). Having immigrated to new countries, Jews tended to congregate in particular areas of a town or a city even when no longer forced to do so as did many minority groups living in a foreign country. This was a matter of choice. The Nazi’s eliminated the choice. â€Å"Ghettoisation† appeared in the countries occupied by Germany during World War II.After their 1939 invasion of Poland, Germans tried to control the sizable Jewish population by forcing Jews, and also Gypsies, to reside in marked-off sections of towns and cities the Nazis called â€Å"ghettos. † Altogether the Germans created at least 1000 ghettos. The largest was in Warsaw, Poland, which was the location from where the Nazis transported more than 300,000 prisoners to death camps. The Warsaw Ghetto was also the site of the largest and most significant Jewish uprising, and the first urban uprising in German occupied Europe (holocaustresearchproject).The Germans usually marked off the oldest and most run down areas of a city for a ghetto site. Thus the word â€Å"Ghetto† came to be associated with cramped dilapidated housing, appalling sanitary conditions, inadequate and poor food quality, absence of medical supplies and facilities that were all common aspects of ghetto living. Inhabitants often died of starvation, disease and exhaustion within the ghetto. These connotations remained attached to the word ghetto even up until modern times. In America, the word changed and evolved.Today, the term ghetto applies primarily to blacks in Northern U. S. cities. While all major immigrant groups coming into the U. S. establish their own residential areas, blacks ended up more segregated then most. Scholars have argued over whether or not poverty created ghettos in America or whether the ghettos created poverty. In any event, the connotation of the word ghetto in America became asso ciated with large-scale housing projects and inner city neighborhoods inhabited by black people who suffer from harsh living conditions.Because of such harsh living conditions, these areas have become notorious for crime, drugs, and violence. Thus the connotation of the word ghetto in America has stayed true to its original usage. It is used to this day to describe places of racial segregation (bos. frb. org). While the word ghetto still is associated with impoverished living environments, perhaps because of gentrification the word ghetto has come to have positive slang connotations as well.For example, the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) defines the expression â€Å"ghetto fabulous† or â€Å"ghetto fab† as â€Å"an ostentatious or flamboyant lifestyle or manner of dress, associated with the hip-hop subculture and characterized as a marker of status in economically disadvantaged urban neighborhoods. † This is a perfect example of how the way we use the word ghet to has changed dramatically over time. The word became part of hip-hop culture in the 1990’s. It was used in a good way for the first time.To describe someone who wanted to be part of that way of life as â€Å"ghetto† or â€Å"ghetto fab† was a complement. It was something that the world had never seen before. The creation of slang words and expressions is one of the ways that language changes over time. A group will use a certain word and after time, it may become widely used. Then it can become a part of most people’s vocabulary. Instead of being a noun with the most negative connotations of poverty disease and even death, the word ghetto is currently used as an adjective to label certain clothing, style, and even attitudes.There are certain brands of clothes that in many cases are described as ghetto. This could be because of the way they look (baggy, brightly colored) or because of the fact that the people who wear them frequently live in urban areas. The word ghetto is used for many reasons. Due to our culture and our society many times the word gains negative meaning. Generalizations may cause people to believe that people from the ghetto have less moral values than someone from out of the ghetto. However, the true definition of the word says nothing about morality.Although the word has a myriad of meanings, it is still understood in a variety of conversations (123helpme). Did the word ghetto really go from being such a negative term to such a positive one while somehow still maintaining part of its original meaning? That’s exactly what the word has done. The bridge between the two polar opposite meanings can probably be attributed to the fact that each has something to do with the city or urban areas. This is just about the most ameliorated a word could ever get.After a few centuries of word evolution, the word ghetto has become part of our culture in a positive way, rather than a negative one. The word has been throug h an incredible amount of semantic change. Through the process of broadening, the word has gained many new meanings. It no longer describes a quarter of an Italian city in which Jews were forced to stay in. It no longer has to describe a run down, over populated city such as Brooklyn, New York. The word ghetto can be used as an adjective now. It can be used to positively describe someone or something.Semantic changes such as broadening and generalization have brought about countless new usages and meanings to what was once a very specialized word (COHA) The word has been altered over time to become much more of a slang term. Many would argue that this term has become slang because of the way it is used by the younger generations. While it shouldn’t be considered a totally different word, the word ghetto represents entirely different meaning then it used to. The word has been used in and seen in such a wide variety of ways that it rarely gets used to describe what it was nitia lly meant to. The real meaning of the word ghetto does not mean much anymore because there is no longer a place where Jews are forced to live or for that matter a place where any group or minority is forced to live. The word now depicts a disadvantaged section of a city or town. The word ghetto was used in America most frequently in the 1970’s. Before that it was probably used a lot more internationally due to the fact that most ghettos in America did not exist until around the 1950’s. In the 1970’s the word is used with certain words very frequently.For example the words â€Å"black,† â€Å"boxed-in,† and â€Å"community. † However over time and into the 21st century the word is used less and less. While the usage decreases, the meaning changes. Today, we see the word ghetto used with words and phrases such as â€Å"fabulous,† â€Å"pimp,† â€Å"track-suit,† and â€Å"gangsta† (COHA). Its evident that as time goe s on, the meaning of the word ghetto is being altered tremendously. The word ghetto is a word that has an important place in not only today’s world, but also in the past. The word contains tremendous meaning for certain groups of people throughout history.For most of these people the word isn’t something they consider a noble word or a cheerful word at all. The people who know best what this word means are the people who experienced the Ghetto, the people who were confined, and people who were restricted. These people couldn’t experience the outside world. They were stuck in what is now defined by the OED as â€Å"the part of the city, especially a slum area, occupied by a minority group or groups. † The term was originally used in Venice, Italy to describe the place where the Jews were meant to live.Eventually the term became widespread. Now used not just for areas where minorities live, but also for poorer areas in general. The word went through the sem antic change of broadening. Ultimately, more than just Europeans in the old world used the word. In later years, the Venetian origin of the word â€Å"ghetto† came to be forgotten, as it was used exclusively in its secondary meaning as referring to compulsory, segregated and enclosed Jewish quarters, and then in a looser sense, to refer to any area densely populated by Jews.Eventually â€Å"ghetto became the general designation for areas densely inhabited by minority groups, almost always for socioeconomic reasons, rather than legal ones as had been the case with the initial Jewish ghetto. Interestingly enough, the word â€Å"ghetto† can be described as a colloquialism, but can just as easily be used as slang. The fact is no one changed the meaning of the word on purpose. This is what happens to words over time. They change meaning time and time again. The word ghetto is no different. The word is a perfect example of language and how it is ever changing.

Parenting Websites Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Parenting Websites - Essay Example In our day-to-day lives we come across various kinds of situations where we need some kind of advice from the experts or psychotherapist who can guide us to tackle with the situations. This site is a helping hand to those needful parents as it incorporates articles related to all subjects one can think and face in routine life. The articles are for all the age group starting from nursing an infant, toilet-training a toddler, helping a third-grader with homework, or buying a cell phone for a teenager, this website has advice and ideas to help parents of children belonging to any age-group. It provides various methodologies and ways for the parents to deal with the situations which they come across while rearing their child and formulating their personalities, as these children are the future of the nation. It helps parents to develop awareness towards the environment and changing trends in culture of the society. All parents want their child to be capable of tackling with the day-today life. To keep abreast with the trends it is imperative for the parents to provide their child/ children with the best possible commodities. This not only built confidence in the child but also enhance motor skills and knowledge to the child. This site provides toys right from vision fixation, motor skill development to interactive learning and games related with situations. The site provides the best toys and educational products. Apart from offering a range of the products it also offers tips on selecting and links to online toy stores. The website encompasses a little bit of everything – printable material for the kids, recipes, parenting articles for all ages, a message board, along with the complete information which a family requires for a progressive and cognitive development in the present era. The printable material enhances the gross motor skills as it contains coloring material to various activities which keep the child busy all

Fashion Designer Parts 3 and 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fashion Designer Parts 3 and 4 - Essay Example The essay "Fashion Designer Parts 3 and 4" examines the role of fashion designer. Performance appraisals are not a kind of lecture that the supervisor gives to the workers. This kind of a meeting comprises of two-way communication, where the supervisors can enhance the efficiency of the workers not only by giving them feedback of their performance, but can also make the employees understand in which fields they can improve and how. Here the worker’s listening abilities are tested and it also provides the employees with an opportunity to seek any clarification they have regarding work. There are two methods to evaluate job performance of fashion designers, which can be measured using Barscale. Always ensure the availability of fabrics and apparels to facilitate the outline drawn previous to the commencement of the design production. They direct and coordinate the activities of personnel in â€Å"drawing, pattern making and sewing divisions† (Fashion Designer, n.d, par.8) to ensure the reflection of actual thought process of the designs created. Keep a keen eye on the changing global fashion trends and always remain updated with the latest trends. Usually draw inspiration and generate conceptual designs to propose extremely unique products. Occasionally provide direction and coordinate activities of personnel to produce original designs. Usually is aware of the changing fashion trend, but fails to be in synchronization with global design trends, pricing and preferences. Sometimes offers absolutely unique products.... Usually is aware of the changing fashion trend, but fails to be in synchronization with global design trends, pricing and preferences. Satisfactory: Sometimes offers absolutely unique products to the market by creating new designs, but often fails to keep abreast of consumer preferences. Outlines the designs to be created but does not ensure the availability of fabrics and apparels required for the production. Poor: Poor direction and coordination of activities of personnel. Fails to develop marketing strategies required to penetrate into new markets as well as lacks creativity and innovation in designs? 2. Behavior: Proper Communication with Supervisors, Peers and Customers Regarding Design Ideas, Establish and Maintain Customer Relationship Excellent: Always communicates with supervisors, subordinates and also with the clients of the organization. Designers often take advantage of the information gained from the discussions and knowledge regarding fashion to produce unique designs. Frequently coordinates with clients to get an insight into their tastes and preferences as well as get an idea about their outlook on the designs and make any alterations required as per their demand and also maintains excellent relationship. Better: Usually provides sample garments to display at fashion shows, but little communication with the supervisors, subordinates and clients. Better utilization of the information attained from the discussion with various groups, however a less preferences is given for the customer’s tastes and choices. Good: Sometimes there is communication with the supervisors, subordinates and clients, but mostly failure to make use of the information obtained from discussion. Provides sample garments for exhibition at fashion shows, often fails to

UNREACHED PEOPLE GROUP PROJECT Research Proposal

UNREACHED PEOPLE GROUP PROJECT - Research Proposal Example These people have stack to their indigenous beliefs as there is no alternative to the formative religion. One of the emerging challenges in reaching out to these groupings is the lack of adequate knowledge on who they are and where they live. A host of organizations have identified this challenge and have made it their responsibility to search and identify these people in order to establish plans on how they can be reached. It is in carrying out these roles that organizations such as Joshua project inspire action. This proposal models its approach around the work of this project which has undertaken to identify people and regions where Christianity remains a mystery. In particular, this study focuses on Chinese who remain steadfast in their indigenous faith. The overall idea is to identify and develop a comprehensive plan that will accord the Chinese a chance to receive and benefit from the variable teachings of the Gospel. The study will fall within the wider theme of making disciples of all nations which was the clarion call to Jesus disciples while on his mission on